Monday, October 28, 2013

My two emphasis areas are psychology and business. I am confident that there is a psychology component, or at least an easier tie, to each of these scholarly peer reviewed articles. First, let me say how awesome the Summon search is. I am interested in how the private sector can contribute to upward mobility and doing more to elevate people out of poverty. I am also interested in what government and the private sector share in common and how they are different (this also has a political differentiation). In these articles I found good information on poverty. I found one in particular fascinating because it speaks of how we have lost the war on poverty. In another article it brings up the idea that many of our seniors are living in poverty; that got me thinking about the baby boomers (the largest cohort passing through time in history) and their possible fight against poverty as they live longer than previous generations. The final article shows how job creation creates upward mobility.

I think I am off to a good start but need to narrow the focus to something more specific and more measurable. I believe in our capitalistic free enterprise system and that the private sector is the best hope for helping people out of poverty. I hope to find proof of my beliefs in the research...

Cynthia Christensen, Elaine Gates, Poverty: An Iowan perspective, Journal of Vascular Nursing, Volume 26, Issue 2, June 2008, Pages 34-36, ISSN 1062-0303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2007.09.001.

In this scholarly, peer reviewed article healthcare in Iowa is examined. Iowa ranks number one in the number of citizens over 80 years old and in the top ten for citizens over the age of 65. What I find interesting is the number of citizens in Iowa that are below the nation median income and at the same time the number of citizens in their senior years. As the baby boom generation continues to retire and at the same time live substantially longer than past generations; what will these facts contribute to poverty in the future. Can older Americans keep up with the costs of living and keep themselves out of poverty, or are the increasing numbers of our senior citizenry in for a life of poverty?

Hanson, F. (1997, Fall97). How proverty lost its meaning. CATO Journal. p. 189.

“After decades of dashed hopes and expenditures that have produced no tangible benefits, the nation seems tacitly to have acknowledged that we fought a War on Poverty and poverty won (see Sawhill 1988: 1085). Many see a brave title--the "Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunity Act of 1996"--as merely papering over a wearied and frustrated withdrawal from the War on Poverty.
It has been possible to withdraw from the War on Poverty partly because the poor exercise very little political clout. They are a minority, many of them do not vote, and they do not otherwise participate in political life. Thus, when Congress was revamping poverty policy, the halls were empty of lobbyists arguing the case for the poor (Clymer 1996).”
While reading this article I found the premise interesting. Who will fight for the poor? The article suggests that when legislation is brought forth there exist few lobbyists to fight for the poorest among us. The article also shows some political difference of opinion related to poverty and how it should be handled.

Fullwiler, S. T., & Meyeraan, S. (2010). Confronting Poverty with Jobs and Job Training: A Northeast Iowa Case Study. Journal Of Economic Issues (M.E. Sharpe Inc.), 44(4), 1073-1084. doi:10.2753/JEI0021-3624440411

“This paper discusses a local, privately-run and federally-funded program for all individuals able to demonstrate their income is at, or below the poverty line. This free Certified Nursing Assistant training program enables successful participants to obtain appropriate employment in local hospitals. The program is complementary to job guarantee proposals promoted by a number of economists, and provides an example of how local job creation programs can incorporate job training to improve prospects for upward mobility.” This article starts with aspects of the individual’s responsibility to lift themselves out of poverty by obtaining employment and activating upward mobility. Furthermore the article shows that earlier poverty programs did not succeed as they failed to provide either jobs or education.

Sunday, October 20, 2013

Prior to reading chapter fourteen this week I always thought of the leadership elite as the top movers and shakers of a given community. I usually thought of the elite as the political and influential business people that make the rules and set the tone for the community.  After reading the chapter this week I came to think of the leadership elite as more than just the top people in politics and business, and started to see what Sampson meant by the elite. He explains that the elite are “a group of persons who by their virtue of their position exercise power or influence in the community” (Sampson, p. 331). When the scope is widened to this size the elite could include so many other people and Sampson suggests the list includes police captains, school board superintendents, business leaders, and even community religious leaders. These are the ones, according to Sampson, that do the heavy lifting for the more visible of the leadership elite. One does not have to look to deep into any top political person’s career to find examples of the network of top leadership elite that carry the candidate into office. I am reminded of the old cliche, it is not what you know but who you know that makes the difference. Being connected to the network of leadership elite is how things get done in the community. Local political leaders must have this network of support to get anything done and must also be connected to their respective constituents. The private sector is very much dependent on the leadership elite and most corporate entities have their own networks to work through. In any community resides the network of the influential and leadership elite. Connecting to the network and being able to make ties is important when trying to get things done. I find it interesting that the elite we see most often rely on the multiple layers of leadership below then to fulfill their message. Building the network of leadership support on these lower levels are critical to success.

As I consider ideas for my end of term presentation and how to connect to the neighborhood and community; I find the concept of leadership elite interesting. With my emphases being business and psychology I could use many of the examples Sampson describes in chapter fourteen. Business relies heavily on a solid network of connection to the leadership elite and often business leaders are themselves part of the network. My psychology emphasis is much easier to apply to neighborhood and community. We have talked a lot about poverty and the many reasons for the problems of urban America and I would like to tie both the business and psychology emphases together to address the issue of poverty.  I think that private sector business is the solution to poverty and business must be willing to re-invest into the urban areas. I also think that the political and business leadership elite need to come together to find the solutions that are good for everyone.


I welcome any comments and suggestion…

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Mobility...


Moving to a new neighborhood is all part of the American Experience. While there are some, I believe  very few by comparison, that are born, live, and die in the same neighborhood; most of us experience change in this way. Depending on the situation many of us choose a new neighborhood based on the economic factors happening in our lives at the time. Upward mobility allows one to choose a nicer or better neighborhood meeting our needs as income allows. Many have fallen on hard times during the last recession and found themselves in a downward mobility trajectory. Unfortunately there are those born into poverty that never are able to break out of the cycle and remain unable to experience upward mobility. Income, education, and employment opportunities often dictate this mobility. A young couple marries, begins a life and starts out in a small apartment. Perhaps they are finishing school or starting a new job. Some time goes by and as their situation changes they make the decision to move to a different place. After graduating school or advancing in a careers; this give rise to more income and more available choices for neighborhood selection. 

I found the reading interesting in that African Americans experience this mobility differently. Upward mobility within the black community still leaves the neighborhoods they exited the same as they left it. In most cases the vacancy is filled by another African American. The area they move to is more likely to be another, perhaps better situation, black neighborhood. Whites and Hispanics statistically do not have the same types of issues.  I was left thinking that without diversity something by way of upward mobility is lost, even if collective efficacy is gained. 

While reading I also found a few sites that were interesting:
I believe that making a difference comes down to more than one individual for change in the neighborhood setting. If collective efficacy is high than losing a member may not be felt as much as if collective efficacy is low and the best of the neighborhood leaves. While there are some examples of extraordinary people; it takes the collective of all to really make a difference. This is shown in many of Sampson's example throughout the book. Transformation for the good takes work, transformation for the bad just requires neglect. 

Looking at the information I found it easy to find parallels matching my psychology emphasis but had more difficulty tying information to my business emphases. the best way to look at mobility is to look at the economic factors and reasons people move to tie to business. 

Monday, October 7, 2013

With my two emphases being psychology and business I am interested in how poverty effects psychological development and what role private sector business can contribute to elevating people out of poverty. While these two ideas are on the surface miles apart I think I can find a way to draw them together. I believe that poverty is every American's problem and one that will take the collective effort to solve. I also believe that our civic choices, particularly political choices, play a major role and bear much of the responsibility for poverty. 

The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: implications for prevention.
Abstract:
"This article considers the implications for prevention science of recent advances in research on family poverty and children's mental, emotional, and behavioral health. First, we describe definitions of poverty and the conceptual and empirical challenges to estimating the causal effects of poverty on children's mental, emotional, and behavioral health. Second, we offer a conceptual framework that incorporates selection processes that affect who becomes poor as well as mechanisms through which poverty appears to influence child and youth mental health. Third, we use this conceptual framework to selectively review the growing literatures on the mechanisms through which family poverty influences the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children. We illustrate how a better understanding of the mechanisms of effect by which poverty impacts children's mental, emotional, and behavioral health is valuable in designing effective preventive interventions for those in poverty. Fourth, we describe strategies to directly reduce poverty and the implications of these strategies for prevention. This article is one of three in a special section (see also Biglan, Flay, Embry, & Sandler, 2012; Muñoz, Beardslee, & Leykin, 2012) representing an elaboration on a theme for prevention science developed by the 2009 report of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine."

Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community Development
Abstract:
"In this paper I explore how five competing theories of poverty shape anti-poverty strategies. Since most rural community development efforts aim to relieve causes or symptoms of poverty, it makes a difference which theory of poverty is believed to be responsible for the problem being addressed. In this paper five theories of poverty are distilled from the literature. It will be shown that these theories of poverty place its origin from 1) individual deficiencies, 2) cultural belief systems that support subcultures in poverty, 3) political-economic distortions, 4) geographical disparities, or 5) cumulative and circumstantial origins. Then, I show how each theory of poverty finds expression in common policy discussion and community development programs aimed to address the causes of poverty. Building a full understanding of each of these competing theories of poverty shows how they shape different community development approaches. While no one theory explains all instances of poverty, this paper aims to show how community development practices that address the complex and overlapping sources of poverty more effectively reduce poverty compared to programs that address a single theory."

Generating Skilled Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda
Abstract:
"We study a government program in Uganda designed to help the poor and unemployed become self-employed artisans. The program targeted people ages 16 to 35 in Uganda’s conflict-affected north, inviting them to form groups and submit grant proposals to pay for vocational training and business start-up. Funding was randomly assigned, and treatment groups received unsupervised cash grants of $382 per member on average. The government’s main aims were to increase in-comes and thus also promote social stability. The treatment group invests some of the grant in skills training but most in tools and materials. After four years half practice a skilled trade. Relative to the control group, the program increases business assets by 57%, hours of work by 17%, and earnings by 38%. We see no corresponding impact, however, on individual social cohesion, participation, anti-social behavior, or protest attitudes and participation. Based on individual earnings alone we estimate 30 to 50% annual returns to investment from the program. We also see evidence that the treatment group grow their enterprises and hire labor, extending the employment impacts of the program. Impact levels are similar for treatment men and women, but are qualitatively different for women — both because women begin poorer (meaning the impact is larger relative to their starting point), and because women’s enterprises and earnings stagnate without the program but take off after a grant. The patterns we observe — high rates of investment, new business start-up, and returns on investment — are consistent with able but credit-constrained young people."

Many Americans blame ‘government welfare’ for persistent poverty
Abstract:
"Two decades after President Bill Clinton promised to “end welfare as we know it,” Americans blame government handouts for persistent poverty in the United States more than any other single factor, according to an NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll. Lack of job opportunities” was the second most popular answer, at 18 percent, followed by “lack of good educational opportunities” and “breakdown of families,” with 13 percent apiece."
http://www.marfdrat.net/2013/06/12/poll-many-americans-blame-government-welfare-for-persistent-poverty/#.UlNugdLkuLI

References:
Bradshaw, T. (2006, February). Rural Poverty Research Center. Retrieved from Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community : http://www.rupri.org/Forms/WP06-05.pdf
Christopher Blattman, N. F. (2013, September 27). Generating Skilled Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda. Retrieved from Social Science Research Network: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2268552
Marfdrat. (2013, June 12). Poll: Many Americans blame ‘government welfare’ for persistent poverty. Retrieved from Marfdrat.com: http://www.marfdrat.net/2013/06/12/poll-many-americans-blame-government-welfare-for-persistent-poverty/#.UlS-gtLkuLJ
Yoshikawa H, A. J. (2012, May-June). The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: implications for prevention. Retrieved from NCBI Pubmed.gov: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583341